Pdf an introduction to the mechanical properties of solid polymers read full ebook. The energies and volumes of activation of plastic flow of some polymers. Purchase degradation of polymers, volume 14 1st edition. Mechanical degradation and cross linking of polymers by plastic deformation at high pressure h. Mechanism of the mechanical degradation of cellulose ott. Modelling degradation of bioresorbable polymeric medical. Thermaloxidative degradation leads to chain scission or cross linking resulting in the loss of mechanical properties. Ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution springerlink. Free polymer chemistry books download ebooks online textbooks. Abnormal mechanical behavior observed in su8 microframe nanoframe 6% image removed due to restriction. Technical whitepaper thermal degradation of plastics. Mechanical degradation of high molecular weight polymers.
Thermal and mechanical degradation during polymer extrusion. Thermal degradation can present an upper limit to the service temperature of plastics as much as the. The computation shows that the entanglements along the chains play a major part in the rupture process. It assumes the molecules to exist in the rubbery or liquid state and does not include the effects of chemical reactions which might occur subsequent to chain rupture. This monograph will concentrate on those degradation mechanisms which result from reactions of polymers with oxygen in its various forms and which are accelerated by heat andor radiation. Uv radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Overview of the fate of polymeric wastes, polymer degradation, biodegradable polymers, nonbiodegradable polymers derived from renewable resources, future perspectives of environmental friendly polymer. Polymer degradation and stability 82 2003 387393 63 thermal stabilizers include basic compounds, metallic. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, nonlinear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. It was shown that iodine increased the rate of mechanical degradation, presumably by preventing the recombination of at least some of the. The polymers in extruder are faced with thermo mechanical degradation while with appropriate stability against thermo mechanical degradation, the shelf time of the final products increases, and. Exposure to ultraviolet uv radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials.
Polymers free fulltext effects of freezethaw thermal. This shortterm effect is important only in the reservoir near the wellbore and also in some of the polymer handling equipment, in chokes, and so on. Pdf mechanical degradation of polymers in flows through. The thermooxidative stability of polymers depends on the cc and ch bond energies. After shifts in ph, reaction rates of esters, for example, may change some orders of magnitude due to catalysis 42. Mechanical degradation due to high shear forces may occur in the injection well and at the entrance to the porous media. Mechanisms of polymer degradation and erosion sciencedirect. High moisture accelerated mechanical behavior degradation. Current interpretations for this unexpected phenomenon are based either on geomechanical considerations for unconsolidated sand formations or on polymer mechanical degradation, potentially occurring in the injection facilities and the near wellbore area. Mechanical properties of polymers stress strain behaviours. Unesco eolss sample chapters materials science and engineering vol.
In a fuel cell, the mechanical assembly state directly affects the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Polyphenylene sulfide article pdf available in polymer degradation and stability 9111. The polymer degradation rate, r d, is the differential mass loss per unit time 2 since degradation occurs principally at exposed surfaces, we assume the degradation rate to be proportional to the surface area sa and the rate constant k to have dimensions kg s 1 m 2. Impact of mechanical degradation on polymer injectivity in. Mechanical degradation of high polymers mechanical degradation of high polymers bueche, f. Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. Impact of mechanical degradation on polymer injectivity. Mechanical degradation hampers the practical usage of polymers for turbulent drag reduction. Yielding or excessive plastic deformation failure of polymers in certain applications to carry design loads or occasional accidental overloads may be due to excessive plastic deformation resulting from the inadequate strength properties of the polymer.
This note offers and overview of engineering analysis and design techniques for synthetic polymers. Polymer degradation an overview sciencedirect topics. Four major routes determine the mechanical degradation. Nov 22, 2016 created by o kotchawan srimala o supa sunthornvatin o kanokwun meesuntud o varinya panusuvat mechanical degradation polymers can be crack in small pieces by external load. Biological degradation of polymers in the environment. The protection of food from photodegradation is very important. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers kamyardavoudi october,20 materialsscienceseminar. The polymers in extruder are faced with thermo mechanical degradation while with appropriate stability against thermo mechanical degradation, the. Polymer applications offer molecular structures attractive to product engineers desirous of prolonged lifetime properties. Polymers being adaptable can be easily moulded as per requirement, are used extensively in various fields including household, food industry, medical, packaging and. Some nutrients, for example, are affected by degradation when exposed to sunlight. This guide explains about the eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are. Degradation of polyethylene and biocomponentderived polymer. Pdf mechanical degradation of filter polymer materials.
In a highpower white light emitting diode led package, the phosphorsilicone composite is typically used for photometric and colorimetric conversions, ultimately producing the white light. He is also a cofounder of the british polymer physics group and the winner of several awards, including the glazebrook medal of the institute of physics 2004 and the. Intensity of mechanical action and mechanical degradation of. Mechanical properties of polymersstress strain behaviours. However, the phosphorsilicone composite is always exposed under harsh environments with high temperature, high blue light irradiation and high moisture when the led operates. Treatment of materials properties selection, mechanical characterization, and processing in design of loadbearing and environmentcompatible structures are covered. Polymers present to modern society remarkable performance characteristics desired by a wide range of consumers but the fate of polymers in the environment has become a massive management problem. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, teflon, thermoplastic.
Mechanical degradation of high polymers, journal of applied. This study investigates the influence of mechanical degradation on flow properties of polymers in porous media. Ester hydrolysis can, thereby, be either acid or base catalysed 40. Therefore, the rate of degradation depends not only on the intrinsic.
Polymer flooding is an established enhanced oil recovery eor method, still many aspects of polymer flooding are not well understood. Pdf download mechanical properties of solid polymers. Free polymer chemistry books download ebooks online. Degradation of plastics and polymers d j hourston department of materials loughborough university uk. The present study investigated the effect of viscous polymers, such as carboxymethylcellulose cmc and hyaluronan hy, on the handling characteristics, mechanical properties, and degradation behavior of cs. The prediction of polymer injectivity remains elusive. Mechanical degradation and cross linking of polymers by plastic deformation at high pressure. Experimental results on mechanical degradation in capillary tubes of polyisobutylene polymers in dilute solution are described. Chair in physics at leeds university since 1970, he has gained a reputation as an outstanding scientist.
Pdf mechanical degradation of dilute solutions of high. The use of plastics in sliding bearings and as sealants in machinery in russian, izd. Impact of polymer mechanical degradation on shear and. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers harvard university. Mechanical degradation involves the degradation of polymers under mechanical stresses.
Thermal degradation of polymers is molecular deterioration as a result of overheating. Polymer degradation is a process that brings changes in the properties e. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and. For such applications a dynamic elastic modulus is more useful to characterizethe performance of the polymerunder an oscillating mechanical load. Advances in radiation chemistry of polymers pdf 4p. Heat thermal degradation oxygen oxidative and thermaloxidative degradation light photodegradation weathering generally uvozone degradation the deterioation due to oxidation and heat is greatly accelerated by stress, and exposure to other reactive compounds like ozone. Polymers degrade by a wide variety of mechanisms, several of which affect all polymers through to varying degree. In the case of beer, uv radiation causes a process that entails the degradation of hop bitter compounds to 3methyl2buten1thiol and therefore changes the taste. Mechanical degradation of high polymers rubber chemistry and. Polymers mechanical properties pdf 1 approximate range of mechanical properties for various engineering.
At high temperatures the components of the long chain backbone of the polymer can begin to be broken chain scission and react with one another to change the properties of the polymer. Polymer degradation and stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology. Mechanical degradation of high polymers bueche 1960. The international journal for the science and technology of polymers. Effect of molecular weight distribution on the rheological and mechanical properties of polypropylene article pdf available in polymer engineering and science 296. Created by o kotchawan srimala o supa sunthornvatin o kanokwun meesuntud o varinya panusuvat oxidative degradation occurs when polymer is attacked by atmospheric oxygen. The authors have investigated the relation between the degradation of rigid carbonchain polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, and polymethyl methacrylate polymers with the kinetics of mechanical degradation during vibromilling. Such a viscometer has several modifications for example, by lim et al. The best example for mechanical degradation is during the processing of polymers. This device consists of three or five 100mesh screens, as shown in figure 5. Citescore values are based on citation counts in a given year e.
Glass transition temperatures of some polymers polymer t g. They determine the critical value of the intensity necessary for the onset of the degradation process. Polymers and the environment, emulsion polymerization, polymer science approach to physicochemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds, polymer characterization with the atomic force microscope, nonconventional method of polymer patterning, the properties and application of carbon. Providing an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. Mechanical and degradation behavior of polymercalcium. Mechanical degradation an overview sciencedirect topics. A theory for the shear degradation of high polymers is presented. High moisture accelerated mechanical behavior degradation of. Mechanical degradation of polymers in a solution containing a. Some polymers, especially the elastomers, are used in structures for the purpose of isolation and absorption of shock and vibration. Download a handbook of applied biopolymer technology. Mechanical properties of solid polymers wiley online books. Synthesis, degradation and applications by sanjay kumar sharma, ackmez mudhoo scientists are conducting active research in different fields of engineering, science and technology by adopting the green.
In this paper, the mechanical degradation of a commercial gas diffusion layer subjected to repeated freezethaw thermal cycles is studied. Despite the fact that the flow of polymer in porous medium has been a research subject for many decades with numerous publications, there are still some research areas that need progress. Overview of the fate of polymeric wastes, polymer degradation, biodegradable polymers, nonbiodegradable polymers derived from renewable resources, future perspectives of environmental friendly polymer materials. The effect of ph on degradation has been investigated carefully for most biodegradable polymers. The mechanical shear degradation of polydisperse polyisobutene and monodisperse polystrene in oils of different viscosities in the concentration range of 0. Mechanisms of environmental degradation in polymers 2. Water soluble polymers have gained an increasing interest in enhanced oil recovery eor processes, especially as polymer flooding. Internal mechanical stress stress as sources of later mechanical deterioration inititation of or assistants to various chemical attacks contaminants ingredients forms radical which may then attack the polymer additives some undergo radical formation which may then attack polymer. Mechanical degradation describes the breakdown of molecules in the high flow rate region close to a well as a result of high mechanical stresses on the macromolecules.
Mechanical degradation of filter polymer materials. In laminar flow, degradation is independent of tube length, indicating that entrance effects are dominant. A simple and useful device for characterizing polymer solution mechanical degradation, known as the screen viscometer, was introduced by jennings et al. Mechanical degradation of dilute polyisobutylene solutions. In 1861 hoffman demonstrated that oxygen is involved in the degradation of rubber polymer can be destroyed by a variety of environmental agents. Pdf impact of mechanical degradation on polymer injectivity. Mechanical degradation and cross linking of polymers by. Pdf effect of molecular weight distribution on the.
For such failure, the controlling material mechanical property is the elastic modulus. As a further comparison the quantities 474 the mechanical degradation of polymers 100 80 c u 60 c. Polymer degradation and erosion play a role for all polymers. Bhowmick encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 9 k g e 3k g. Bhowmick indian institute of technology, kharagpur, india keywords. The screen factor sf is defined as the ratio of the flow time for. Mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, stress, strain, polymer, plastics, elastomers, rubber contents 1. Click download or read online button to get modelling degradation of bioresorbable polymeric medical devices book now. Melting point and glass transition temperature of polymer. The screen factor sf is defined as the ratio of the flow time for the. Particularly, the gas diffusion layer repeatedly withstands the complex heat and humidity environmental conditions in which the. The mechanical degradation of polymers sciencedirect. Cmc and hy were added to cs at concentrations from 110 wt%.
Pdf in this work, we present an experimental study of flowinduced degradation of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide in aqueous solutions flowing through. Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. Mechanical degradation of high molecular weight polymers in. Physical structure of polymers, small vs large molecules, molecular features, some physical technique for studying polymers, molecular sizes and shapes and ordered structures, polymer blends and copolymers, polymer blends and copolymers, regular chains and crystallinity, morphology and motion, morphology. Mechanical degradation and cross linking of polymers by plastic. Mechanical properties of polymers encyclopedia of life. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers.
577 117 616 232 440 1609 314 1349 81 555 1033 147 1156 1510 3 957 22 709 322 707 926 216 614 195 1614 629 603 723 1472 452 1133 425